The Impact of Ambient Temperature on Ballistic Performance

What is Ambient Temperature?

Ambient temperature refers to the temperature of the surrounding environment where a firearm is being used. Extreme temperatures, whether hot or cold, can alter bullet velocity, trajectory, and overall accuracy, making it a worthy consideration for precision shooters and competitive shooters alike.  It’s an important concept to understand to maintain optimal firearm performance and precision.

How can Ambient Temperature Impact Ballistic Performance?

Ambient temperature can significantly impact ballistic performance, particularly for firearms and ammunition. Below are six important factors that can be impacted by extreme variations in ambient temperature.  

• Powder Burn Rate
• Pressure
• Bullet Stability
• Ammunition Performance
• Barrel Temperature
• Shooter Comfort

Powder Burn Rate

The gunpowder or propellant used in ammunition burns at a certain rate to propel the bullet. Higher temperatures can increase the burn rate of the powder, which can result in higher muzzle velocities. Lower temperatures can slow down the burn rate, leading to reduced muzzle velocities. These velocity changes can affect the trajectory of the bullet and point of impact.

Pressure

Temperature can affect the pressure generated inside the cartridge when the round is fired. Higher temperatures can increase pressure, which could lead to dangerous overpressure situations that damage firearms. Lower temperatures can reduce pressure, which can lead to failures in semi-automatic firearms (like failure to eject or feed).

Bullet Stability

Temperature can affect the stability of a bullet in flight. As air density changes with temperature, it can impact the way the bullet interacts with the air. This can impact accuracy and trajectory.

Ammunition Performance

The temperature can also influence the performance of the ammunition itself. Extreme cold causes lubricants and oils to thicken, which could lead to feeding issues in semi-automatic firearms. Extreme heat can soften or melt components, which could lead to other malfunctions.

Barrel Temperature

Repeated firing can heat up the barrel. In extremely hot conditions, this can lead to “barrel heat soak,” which can affect consistency and change point of impact. 

Shooter Comfort

Extreme temperatures can affect the shooter’s comfort and ability to perform. In very cold conditions, a shooter can deal with reduced dexterity, struggle to manipulate the firearm, and fail to make accurate shots.

Ambient temperature plays a crucial role in ballistic performance. Shooters should be aware of these temperature-related effects to ensure safety, accuracy, and reliability in any conditions.

Important Takeaways

• Powder Burn Rate: Temperature affects the burn rate of gunpowder, impacting muzzle velocity and trajectory. Shooters should chronograph their loads in different temperature conditions to understand these variations.
• Pressure: Extreme temperatures can lead to dangerous pressure changes in cartridges. Always use ammunition rated for the temperature conditions.
• Bullet Stability: Understanding how temperature affects bullet stability and air density can help shooters make more accurate long-range shots.
• Ammunition Performance: Be aware of how temperature can affect lubricants and components in ammunition, especially in extreme conditions.
• Barrel Temperature: Consider barrel heating during long shooting sessions, which can influence shot consistency.
• Shooter Comfort: Pay attention to personal comfort and safety when shooting in extreme temperatures. Dress appropriately and take breaks to maintain focus and dexterity.

Being informed about the impact of ambient temperature on ballistic performance is essential for shooters, whether for recreational shooting or in tactical and hunting scenarios. Considering all these factors can help you be a more effective shooter and stay safe in varying conditions. Stay informed, be prepared, and always prioritize safety when dealing with firearms and ammunition.